US Election | Obama and Romney begin final dash to voting day

US President Barack Obama and his Republican challenger, Mitt Romney, have made a frenetic rush through four battleground states each on their second-to-last day of campaigning ahead of a close election.

After nearly two years of campaigning, the vast majority of voters have made up their minds, so candidates were focused on Sunday on getting their supporters out to the polls for Tuesday. 

Romney started campaigning in the midwestern state of Iowa, where he urged Republicans: "I need your vote, I need your work, I need your help."

Romney, a former Massachusetts governor, dismissed Obama's presidential record as largely rhetoric.

The pair spent Sunday addressing crowds across the country, with Romney also speaking in Pennsylvania, a state his aides insist he can now win on Tuesday.

Obama held rallies in New Hampshire and Florida and carried on to Ohio and Colorado in the evening.

Analysts say the election will come down to a handful of swing states.

Obama and Romney are running almost neck-and-neck in national polls, but polls of many key battlegrounds show Obama narrowly ahead.

The campaign has been most intense in Ohio, which no Republican has ever lost and still made it to the White House.

On Monday morning, Obama is scheduled to appear in Madison, Wisconsin, accompanied by Bruce Springsteen, before going on to Iowa and Ohio.

Romney is due in Florida - where polls suggest he is ahead - in Virginia, New Hampshire and Ohio.

A Reuters/Ipsos poll showed a statistical dead heat between the two candidates, with Obama winning 48 per cent of the vote, and Romney 47 per cent.

But the popular vote will not decide the outcome. States are apportioned a number of electoral votes based on their population, and the candidate who wins a majority - 270 -  becomes president.

So both campaigns are focusing their energies on the handful of swing states where polls show a tight race.

Perhaps none is more important than Ohio, with 18 electoral votes. Saturday's polls showed Obama leading there by anywhere from one to four points.

An Obama victory in Ohio would leave Romney with only a handful of paths to victory. He would have to win at least six of the remaining eight swing states in order to win the electoral vote.

But other polls were less encouraging for the president. Florida's 29 electoral votes were totally up for grabs, with polls showing a dead heat and one survey showing a two-point lead for Romney.

In Virginia, a Reuters poll showed Obama up by one point, and a Pulse Opinion Research poll had him leading by three points.

The Romney campaign is making a last-minute push in Pennsylvania, which has generally been considered a safe Democratic state throughout this election cycle. Some polls there have showed the race is tightening slightly - though most still have Obama leading by at least three points.

There were already reports of problems with voting - two days before Election Day.

A judge in Florida ordered officials in Orange County to open up early voting for four more hours.

 The ruling was in response to a lawsuit by the Florida Democratic party, which complained that an early voting site in the county had been shuttered for several hours while authorities investigated a bomb scare.

The party has a separate lawsuit demanding extra early voting hours in three other counties, where voters reported having to wait in lengthy lines - some as long as six hours - to cast their ballots.

Florida has been the centre of a voting rights controversy over the last two years, with the state's Republican-dominated legislature trying to limit early voting hours.

The early voting period is widely seen as helping Democrats, particularly in Florida, where African-American and Hispanic voters - reliable Democratic constituencies - often cast their ballots early.